You're a solo pilot getting ready to take off from a busy airport. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. Towing collision risk is exacerbated by the conduct of such operations during the hours of darkness or in poor ground visibility and procedures should effectively address and/or constrain such operations. Failure to keep towed aircraft on the taxiway centreline or other taxi guidance line. 0000101315 00000 n On page 16, the Flight Training Handbook mentions that "under certain conditions nosewheels vibrate and shimmy during taxiing," and those conditions are caused by excess taxi speed or excessively worn steering system components. 0000194210 00000 n to minimize distractions during taxi-out? 0000002942 00000 n We normally accept these special taxi clearances without giving much thought to the safety considerations beyond the obvious one: that an airplane might be about to takeoff or land on a runway weve just been cleared to taxi onto. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. 0000101385 00000 n 0000248526 00000 n 0000194171 00000 n Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. What does the number 100 signify in 100LL aviation gasoline? Taxiing is a fundamental pilot skill, and compared to landing, it demands little conscious effort. Surely this fundamental procedure can hide no checkride pitfalls. f) Procedures for refueling and/or defueling aircraft Manual: "When approaching the holding for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer Checklists vary among different make and model airplanes, and some schools supersede the pilot's operating handbook (POH) checklist with one that adds mission considerations, insurance carrier requirements, chief pilot decisions, and a host of issues to the POH list. 0000153136 00000 n hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK impact damage to another, usually stationary and unoccupied, aircraft caused by undetected relatively minor impact which is then not detected prior to either damaged aircraft departing on a flight. Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Find it free on the store. FAA figures reveal that the percentage of pilot-caused runway transgressions How fast should pilots be going on a straight runway? 0000247639 00000 n times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. Can weight and balance information And more than just On 23 March 2004, an out of service British Airways Boeing 747-400, under tow passed behind a stationary Airbus A321-200 being operated by Irish Airline Aer Lingus on a departing scheduled passenger service in good daylight visibility and the wing tip of the 747 impacted and seriously damaged the rudder of the A321. The filler openings must be marked with the fuel grade and the word "AVGAS". What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? The forward movement of an aircraft, usually with engines off, using the power of a specialised ground vehicle attached to or supporting the nose landing gear. These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. 0000019673 00000 n 0000249961 00000 n include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular An airspace infringement (AI) is the unauthorised entry of an aircraft into notified airspace. Many products featured on this site were editorially chosen. These 0000139405 00000 n All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. 0000050029 00000 n Inadequate awareness of aircraft dimensions and turning arcs by the ground crew towing, Lack of clearance between horizontal stabilisers of a towed. hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. 0000057526 00000 n Turning props, rotors. Washington The Federal Aviation Administration has published new guidance aimed at keeping airport workers safe as airplanes are taxied and towed. This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. Ironically, taxiing away from the tiedown is any applicant's first opportunity to fail the flight portion of the checkride. 0000247480 00000 n High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: Any pilot knows the danger of a midair Runways are generally much wider than taxiways, and as a result seeing signs at their edge can be surprisingly difficult. aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. Why Is Area Forecast Discussion Important for Preflight Planning? Next, whenever a "hold short" others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. produce significant hazards to flight. The function of any flight deck occupant(s) is likely to be the appropriate operation of the aircraft braking system and the provision of sufficient aircraft electrical power to operate the radio and appropriate external and internal lighting. To illustrate this difficulty, calculate the number of liters of water that must be expended to absorb the energy released by burning 1.00 L of crude oil, if the water has its temperature raised from 20.0C20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}20.0C to 100C,100^{\circ} \mathrm{C},100C, it boils, and the resulting steam is raised to 300C.300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}.300C. <<1AF4B2B9BBFFB44AAB3E066EEEC6E7A1>]/Prev 308566/XRefStm 2565>> Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . require aggressive braking by the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries. The pushback could not be completed as the towbar could not be disconnected and confusion over a decision to return the aircraft to the gate resulted in an attempt to do so with the aircraft brakes selected which caused the aircraft nose landing gear to collapse. Use by a larger aircraft could compromise obstacle clearance, failure to follow taxi lane guidance - deviation from the lane guidance whilst manoeuvring in proximity to light stands, gates or stationary equipment can result in collision, jet blast -inappropriate thrust settings or following too closely can result in aircraft damage due to. In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). This signal is one of 11 displayed in the Flight Training Handbook section on taxiing. Turboprop and Turbofan Engines Starting Procedures. Check speed sensor resistance and gap. Runway transgressions can be deadly. On 4 June 2002, the crew of an MD82 in the cruise at FL330 with AP and A/T engaged failed to notice progressive loss of airspeed and concurrent increase in pitch attitude as both engines rolled back to thrust levels which could not sustain level flight. In the absence from the flight deck of a pilot qualified on the aircraft type, The person in charge of the ground vehicle carrying out the tow will usually be responsible for obtaining any necessary ATC aircraft movement clearances. "Deicing for safe taxiing means . Should be aware at all times when they are taxiing. a) Is the interconnection in Fig. Pilots should be familiar with standardized airport markings. 2. No doubt these problems could be minimized if crews Similarly, after engine run-up, pilots sometimes tune the tower frequency before or while taxiing from the run-up area to the runway's hold-short line. situational awareness. 0000248922 00000 n For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window Limited Visibility. that sometimes the First Officer calls for the taxi clearance while the Captain The aircraft general sections detail safe practices covering airplane ground operations, taxiing, engine power hazard areas, and precautionary practices to be observed during maintenance activities that require engine operation. The towing team were not aware of the collision and initially, there was some doubt in the A321 flight deck about the cause of a shudder felt when the impact occurred but the cabin crew of the A321 had felt the impact shudder and upon noticing the nose of the 747 appearing concluded that it had struck their aircraft. It may occur for the movement of both in service and out of service aircraft. aircraft in many precarious situations. percent were pilot-caused. This positions two low level arms either side of the aircraft nose landing gear and these are used to engage with the aircraft gear leg and raise it slightly off the ground. 0000250038 00000 n Do you look all around your aircraft before you taxi, or do you focus only on the area immediately ahead of the aircraft? And is it really necessary to require 0000248407 00000 n 0000011606 00000 n ASRS reports also indicate that problems Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. A couple of ASRS reports illustrate What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? While most occurrences on airport aprons and taxiways do not have consequences in terms of loss of life, they are often associated with aircraft damage, delays to passengers and avoidable financial costs. The Investigation concluded that although the shear pin failure was not attributable to any particular cause, the relative severity of the outcome was probably increased by the wet surface, a forward slope on the ramp and fact that an engine start was in progress. line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of For instance, several runway transgressions . One way to remember it is to dive away from a tailwind component and to climb into a headwind component. Element 2 rightly insists that you perform a brake check immediately after your airplane begins moving. Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? aircraft, vehicle, pedestrian, or other object while taxiing is about three This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. Not all . The Investigation attributed the collision to differing expectations of the tug driver, the Apron controller and the RJ100 flight crew within an overall context of complacency on the part of the tug driver whilst carrying out what would have been regarded as a routine, non-stressful task. 190 0 obj <> endobj According to the FAA's Office of Safety Analysis, Advertisement. critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. Hide no checkride pitfalls this is an ideal place to put the airport diagram a runway! 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